Grammar:
This term is derived from three different words:
Old French word: Grammarie/Grammaire
Latin word: Grammatical
Greek word: Grammaticus
Grammaire/ Drammaire / grammatical/ grmmatikos and grammit: They
all mean written letters or characters.
It is derived from a new Latin word grammit, which means written
letters or a set of rules.
Definition:
“The system of rules that indicate how our thoughts can be
expressed is called grammar”.
“The particular analysis (study deeply) of the rules of a language
is called grammar”.
“The system or act of putting the right word in its` right place in
a sentence is called grammar”.
Grammar is one of the branches of linguistic that deals with five components of a language:
1)
Syntax: (structure) It is the study of the rules that indicate how words
and phrases are combined into meaningful sentences.
Ex:
eat/,/grandmother/i/my Ex:
I eat, my grandmother.
Ex: My
grandmother, I eat.
2)
Semantic: is the study of rules that govern the meaning of our speech.
Ex: I eat my
grandmother. Wrong Ex:
I eat, my grandmother. Right
Ex: She fails
to have passed. Wrong. Meaningless
Ex: She seems
to have cried. Right according to the meaning.
3)
Phonology: is the study of the smallest sound unit called phonemes in a
particular language or the study of vowels and consonants and their combination
is called phonology.
Ex: She is
close to my heart. /Kloos/ Ex: He
closed the door. /klouzd/
Ex: Please,
close the door./klooz/
4)
Etymology: is the study of the origin of a word.
Ex: Grammar is derived from Latin grammit.
Ex: The word noun is derived from The Latin word “noumen”.
5)
Morphology: is the scientific study of the structure and forms of words and phrases
is called morphology. For Example: He goes. They go. You went. She has gone. I
am going. Some basic terms of grammar:
Alphabet: It is made of two words. 1: alpha 2: bet.
“Alpha means sounded” and “bet means letters”. So alphabet means
sounded letters.
Alphabet = sounded letters
“It is a group of 26 letters arranged in a fixed order for writing
a language is called Alphabet”.
“A set of
letters, symbols or characters that are arranged in a fixed order and it is
used for writing language and representing the basic sounds of a language is
called Alphabet”.
Ex: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, I, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u,
v, w, x, y, z
An alphabets is wrong.
Alphabet letters = 26 letters in fixed orders.
Alphabet = 26 letters in a fixed and arranged order.
A, c, b, f, e,
g, are letters but not alphabet letters because alphabet letters mean 26
letters in an arranged order.
Letter: a character that represents one or
more of the sounds in a speech is called a letter. It is any of the members of the
English alphabet that represents the basic sound in speech. Ex: a, c, b, d, g,
f, m, h, p, q, r, w, etc.
Word: It
is the single unit of a language that has a meaning and can be written or
spoken.
It is a group of limited letters that can be
written and spoken.
A meaningful sound or combination of a letter
that is the unit of a language and it is made up of letter.
Ex: book, pen, in, at, etc.
Phrase: It is a group
of words that may not have a subject or verb with no particular meaning
sometimes. Sometimes, the phrase has a subject or sometimes a verb only. Both
subject and verb don’t come together. Some phrases have only subject and some
phrases have the only verb, which is called verbal phrases. Structure:
1)
No subject, no verb For Example: In the
class,
2)
Subject but no verb For Example: Her eyes on
the table.
3)
No subject but verb For Example: Goes to
school.
Clause: It
is a group of words having a subject and a verb that forms a part of a
sentence. e.g: Because Ali is sick, he can't come
today. (because Ali is sick,) is a clause and (he can’t come today) is another clause.
Ali is sick. (It is a sentence because it is an organized sentence with
capitalization and punctuation) (Ali is sick) is clause because it doesn’t have
capitalization and punctuation)
Note: There is no need for capitalization
and punctuation in the clause, but in a sentence, capitalization and punctuation
are important.
e.g.: He can’t come today (clause) Ali is sick (clause)
Ex: He can’t come today. (Sentence) Ex: Ali is sick. (Sentence)
Sentence: a
group of words having a subject and a predicate and having a complete sense or
meaning is called a sentence.
e.g.: Ali is from Afghanistan. (Ali is subject and is from
Afghanistan is predicate)
Note: Predicate is a term that includes the verb and everything
which comes after the verb is called a predicate.
Real
definition: a part of a sentence that talks
about the subject is called a predicate.
e.g.: He can’t come today. (Sentence) Ali is sick. (Sentence)
Language: is
the systematic meaningful arrangement of symbols that represent an important
cognitive (thinking) ability and
one that is indispensable for communicating with others.
Complement:
Everything
that completes the meaning of a sentence is called a complement.
It only
completes the meaning of a sentence.
It
doesn’t receive any action.
It
can’t be called an object.
Ex:
Ali is a teacher. Complement Ex:
I have a car. Complement
Ex:
She goes to school. Complement
Object: a person or thing which suffers the result of an action
is called an object.
It
completes the meaning of the sentence.
It
receives the action performed by the subject.
It
can be called a complement.
Ex:
Ali eats an apple. Object or complement
Ex:
I teach grammar. Object or complement
