Question No 43: Who accidentally discovered classical conditioning, and what was his initial research focus?
Answer: Classical conditioning was discovered accidentally by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, during his research on digestion in dogs.
Question No 44: Explain the key components of Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs.
Answer: In Pavlov's experiment, a bell (neutral stimulus) was paired with food (unconditioned stimulus), leading to the dog's salivation (unconditioned response). Over time, the bell alone triggered salivation (conditioned response).
Question No 45: What are the four phases or steps in classical conditioning?
Answer: The phases are "Before conditioning," where the unconditioned stimulus (food) leads to the unconditioned response (salivation), "Only Condition," where the neutral stimulus (bell) does not elicit a response, "During conditioning," where the bell and food are paired, and "After Conditioning," where the bell alone triggers salivation.
Question No 46: What does the principle of extinction in classical conditioning refer to?
Answer: Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (bell) is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus (food), leading to a decrease in the conditioned response (salivation) until it eventually stops.
Question No 47: Explain the concept of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning.
Answer: Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response (salivation) after a period of extinction, usually when the conditioned stimulus (bell) is presented again.
Question No 48: What is meant by stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?
Answer: Stimulus generalization refers to the tendency of the conditioned response (salivation) to occur not only to the conditioned stimulus (bell) but also to similar stimuli, such as other bells or similar sounds.
