Question No 13: What are the key principles of education in Naturalism?
Answer: The key principles of education in Naturalism include a focus on the physical environment, education grounded in psychology and ethics, the aim of self-expression, emphasis on basic instincts and interests, central importance of the child, alignment of education with the child's nature, limited significance of bookish knowledge, value placed on the individual, and a stress on the freedom of the child.
Question No 14: What are the primary aims of education according to Naturalism?
Answer: The primary aims of education in Naturalism include self-expression, attainment of present and future happiness, adaptation to the environment, natural development, autonomous development of individuality, and the redirection and sublimation of instincts.
Question No 15: What teaching methods are commonly used in Naturalism?
Answer: Naturalism employs methods like hands-on learning, observation, play-based approaches (like the Dalton Plan), heuristic and Montessori methods, all rooted in principles such as growth, pupil-activity, and individualization.
Question No 16: How is the role of the teacher defined in Naturalism?
Answer: In Naturalism, the teacher's role is subsidiary, with the child occupying a central position. The teacher acts as a facilitator, setting the stage for the child's learning, often retiring behind the scenes, and serving as an observer who understands child psychology.
Question No 17: Who are the chief exponents of Pragmatism?
Answer: Chief exponents of Pragmatism include C.S. Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and Kilpatrick.
Question No 18: What is the fundamental aim of education in the philosophy of Pragmatism?
Answer: In Pragmatism, the fundamental aim of education is not merely acquiring knowledge but using it to help individuals meet their needs, achieve better personal and social adjustment, and thrive in their biological and social environments.
