Parts of Speech:
Parts
of speech are made of two words:
Parts = means segments or sections.
Speech = means talking or conversation.
So
Parts of Speech means sections of conversation.
Definition: It is one of the traditional classifications of words
that form our speech.
Or: Words which are divided into 8 classes or groups
according to their grammatical functions in a sentence is called Parts of
Speech.
Ex: Ali drives fast. Adverb
Ex: Ali is observing fast. Noun
Ex: Ali is a fast driver. Adjective
Ex: Ali should fast once a year. Verb
Parts
of speech:
A part of Speech is a traditional term that
refers to the words that form the speech.
Or: Words that are divided into different groups or classes
according to their grammatical functions in a sentence are called parts of speech.
Parts
of Speech according to the sequence:
There
are 8 parts of speech in English but divided into 2 kinds.
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1: Noun |
5: Verb |
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2: Pronoun |
6: Conjunction |
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3: Adjective |
7: Preposition |
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4: Adverb |
8:
Interjection |
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1…..: Open class elements |
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1: noun |
ex: beauty |
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2: verbs
(very important) |
ex: beautify |
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3: adjective |
ex: beautiful |
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4: adverb |
ex:
beautifully |
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They allow
grammatical change. |
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2….: Closed class elements: |
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5: Pronoun |
ex: he, she |
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6:
Conjunction |
ex: but, and |
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7:
Preposition |
ex: in, above |
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8:
Interjection |
ex: wow, hurrah |
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They allow no
grammatical change. |
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Noun:
It is derived from the Latin word “Nomen” which means “a name” or a “Naming words”
“Noun is a word, phrase, or clause which is used to name the following:
1: person | ex: Ali, Kamran |
2: place | ex: Lahore, Peshawar |
3: thing | ex: chair, pencil, bike |
4: animal | ex: cat, donkey, lion, dog |
5: action | ex: going, to go, to study |
6: idea | ex: knowledge, pain, honest |
7: quality of mind | ex: love, hate, like, dislike |
8: title or occupation | ex: teacher, doctor, nurse |
Roots of a noun: There are four roots of the noun.
1) Cases of a noun
2) Kinds of noun
3) 3) Gender of noun
4) Number of the noun (singular and plural forms of noun)
There are two parts of a noun
a) Animated nouns: they are those nouns that refer to living creators. Ex: Boy, dog, tree, cat, girl, etc.
b) Non-animated Nouns: they are those nouns that refer to nonliving creators. Ex: Pen, chair, book, car, plastic, shoes etc.
Cases of Noun:
The Case of a noun shows the functions of a noun in a sentence and the Case of a noun shows where a noun is placed in a Sentence and what grammatical function it bears.
There are 10 cases of a noun:
1) Subjective case: It is also called the nominative case. In this case, the noun is used as the subject of the verb or sentence.
Ex: The Table is old. Subjective case
Ex: Ali is a doctor. Subjective case
Ex: There goes the hero. Subjective case
Ex: Is the boy here? Subjective case
“Subject” the person or thing about whom we speak in a sentence is called the subject.
Or: A word or a person or thing about which a predicate talks in a sentence is the called subject.
Note: A noun doesn’t need to come before a verb in the subjective case. It can also come after a verb, but noun should be the subject of a sentence in this case.
Ex: Is Ali smart?
2) Objective Case, Accusative Case: it is also called direct object of a verb.
In this case, a noun is used as the object of an action verb. Acton is must here.
Ex: Ali plays . Objective case
Ex: Ali plays . Objective case
Ex: Ali plays cricket. Objective case
Ex: She eats a mango. Objective case
Ex: They write a letter. Objective case
Ex: We paint the class. Objective case
3) The Complement of be: It is also called subjective complement. It is used as a complement of “be”. In this case, a noun is used after any form of “Be” to complete the meaning of the subject or sentence.
Ex: Ali is a doctor. Ali is “a doctor”.
Ex: They had been robbers. They had been “robbers”.
Note: In this case, a noun completes the meaning of the subject because of this it is called subjective Complement.
4) The object of a preposition: It is also called the Oblique case.
In this case, the noun is placed after a preposition that is why it is also called object of preposition.
Ex: Ali is from Pakistan.
Ex: We go to school.
Ex: Chair is made of wood.
Ex: They are in the class.
“Definition of object” the receiver of an action or it may not receive the action is called object.
Kinds of object:
a) Affected object: The object which receives the action is called affected object.
b) Non affected object: The object which doesn’t receive the action is called non affected object.
5) Vocative Case: It is also called nominative of address.
In this case, a noun is used before or after a sentence to point someone.
Kinds of Vocative Case:
a) Direct Vocative Case: in this case, a noun is placed before a sentence.
Ex: Ali, bring me a glass of water.
Ex: Najeeb, come here.
Ex: Usman, I need your car.
Ex: My grandmother, I eat.
b) Indirect vocative case: in this case, a noun is placed after a sentence.
Ex: Bring me a glass of water, Ali.
Ex: Come here, Najeeb.
Ex: Be quick, boys.
Ex: Polish my shoes, Aiysha.
Ex: I eat, my grandmother.
6) Possessive case: it is also called the genitive case.
In this case, a noun is used with (‘s) and (s’) with a noun to show ownership, possession and relationship.
‘S = singular noun, singular and plural irregular noun, names having no plural form to form their plural form.
S’ = plural noun, with names of families.
Structure:
Noun + ‘S + noun = singular noun
Noun + S’ + noun = plural noun
Usages of (‘S)
With singular noun and proper nouns:
Ex: This is Ali’s car.
Ex: What is your father’s name?
Ex: What was yesterday’s lesson?
With singular and plural irregular nouns:
Ex: It is a child’s toy.
Ex: They are children’s toys.
Ex: She has worn a men’s shirt.
Ex: She has worn a man’s shirt.
“S ‘ , “ S apostrophe:
There are two places where we can use them.
1: With plural nouns.
Ex: It is a boys’ hostel. Right
Ex: It is a boys’s hostel. Wrong
Ex: That is the teachers’ room. Right one
Ex: That is the teachers’s room. Wrong one
Ex: He has bought girls’ purse. Right one
Ex: He has bought girls’s purse. Wrong one
With the names of families
Ex: We went to Afridis’ wedding party last night. Right one
Ex: We went to Afridis’s wedding party last night. Wrong one
Note: In this case, the noun with apostrophe s (‘ s) or S apostrophe (S ‘), functions as an adjective and modifies the noun after it comes.
Kinds of genitive or possessive case: it has two kinds.
1) a) Separate genitive case: in this case, each noun has (‘ S) or ( S ‘). Ex: We went to Ali’s and Ahmad’s wedding party.
Ex: The prime minister visited the girls’ and boys’ schools.
2) b) Combined Genitive Case: in this case, only the second noun has (‘ S) or (S ‘). Ex: We went to Ali and Ahmad’s wedding party.
Ex: The prime minister visited the girls’ and boys’ schools.
7) Dative Case: It is also called the indirect object of a verb and it receives the direct object.
Note: This case has two structures:
1: sub + verb + noun + for, to + noun
Ex: She bought a car for Ali.
Ex: The teacher taught tenses to students. The teacher taught tenses to “students”.
2: sub + verb + noun + noun
Ex: She bought Ali a car. She bought “Ali” a car.
Ex: The teacher taught students tenses. The teacher taught “students” tenses.
Note: If we want to search dative cases in a sentence so the objective case will be present in a sentence because, in this structure, there are two objects.
One direct object and second indirect object. The direct object will be in the objective case and the indirect object will be in the dative case.
Note: We have two verbs that are used only and only informal structure.
They are “ask and cost”.
Ex: Kamran asked Ali a question. Right
Ex: Kamran asked a question form, Ali. Wrong
Ex: This trip will cost us 10000. Right
Ex: This trip will cost 10000 from us. Wrong
Ex: This trip will cost 10000 to us. Wrong
Ex: This trip will cost 10000 for us. Wrong
8) Objective complement: in this case, a noun is used as the complement for an object after a direct object to complete the meaning of an object.
Structure:
Sub + verb + object + noun = this noun completes the meaning of an object.
Ex: We elected Ali our leader.
Ex: She called her father stepfather.
Ex: I consider you the hero.
Ex: Pakistan appointed Waqar Younus the chairman.
Ex: We want to select Imran Khan our PM.
Ex: I consider Mahmood my best friend.
9) Appositive Case: means a modifier of another noun. In this case, a noun is used before or after another noun to modify it.
Note: The appositive case is formed by changing adjective clauses to the adjective phrase.
Structure:
1: noun + , appositive , + verb + complement
Ex: Musharaf, the president, is speeching to nation
2: Appositive, + noun + verb + complement
Ex: The president, Musharaf is speeching to the nation.
Ex: Misbah, the captain, will retire soon.
Ex: The captain, Misbah will retire soon.
Ex: Misbah, the captain will retire soon.
Ex: The captain, Misbah, will retire soon.
Note: Original sentence as an adjective clause.
Ex: Musharaf, who is the president, is speeching to nation.
10) Accompaniment case: in this case, a noun is used after an adjective.
Ex: Ali is a smart boy.
Ex: Laila is a pretty girl.
Note: The difference between compound noun and accompaniment is that in accompaniment the adjective can be changed but the adjective in compound noun is fixed and very well known. Ex: Ali is our superman. (Compound noun)
Ex: Ali is a smart, kind, handsome, brave, and hardworking boy. (Accompaniment)
Kinds of a noun:
Nouns are divided into nine kinds.
1) Proper noun: is the name of a particular person, place, or thing.
Ex: I speak to Ali.
Ex: China is a large country.
Ex: It is the Holy Quran.
2) Common noun: a noun that is not the name of any particular person, place or thing is called a common noun. Or: It is the name of a common person, place, or thing.
Ex: It is a girls’ college.
Ex: Ali, the principal is taking the class.
Ex: That is our school.
Ex: The chair is made of wood.
3) Material noun: is the name of a substance out of which other things can be made.
Ex: plastic, wood, paper, silk, cotton, iron, steel etc.
Ex: We use an iron to make different things. Ex: Magazines come only on Sundays.
4) Concrete noun: it is the name of something that can be seen or touched because it has an existing body. Ex: book, keys, pen, chair, fan, marker, copy, etc.
5) Abstract noun: is the name of something that can’t be seen or touched, but it can be felt.
Ex: pain, love, hate, blowing air, gas, friendship, sadness, anger, honesty, modesty, dignity, happiness etc.
6) Countable noun: it is also called unit noun. It is the name of something which can be counted and divided into singular and plural.
Ex: There is a boy on the road.
Ex: There are many boys on the road.
Ex: class, classes, ten onions, seven rooms, etc.
7) Non countable noun: it is also called mass noun. It is the name of something which can’t be counted and divided into singular and plural.
Ex: water, sugar, salt, air, honesty, money, advice, news, soil, honey, etc.
8) Compound noun: a noun + noun in which the first noun functions as an adjective and modifies the second noun is called a compound noun.
Or: It is the noun that is made of two or three parts. The first part functions as an adjective and modifies the second noun.
Ex: They are college students. (Right)
Ex: They are colleges student. (Wrong)
Note: In the plural form of the compound noun, we use s, es, ies with the second noun because the first noun functions as an adjective, and adjectives don’t have plural forms.
Kinds of compound the noun: It has three kinds.
a) Open compound noun: in this kind, two nouns have spaces between them.
Ex: college bus, eye glass, bus stop, etc. They are two words nouns.
b) Closed compound noun: in this kind, two nouns have no spaces between them.
Ex: housewife, keyboard, homework, snowman, Facebook, etc. They are one-word nouns.
c) Hyphenated compound noun: in this kind, nouns have hyphens between them.
Ex: father-in-law, editor-in-chief, sister-in-law, commander in chief, maid of honor, the man of the match etc.
They have three parts separated by hyphens.
They are three-word nouns.
In this kind, the first noun should be changed to plural because we have to change the most important nouns to plural.
Ex: father in law, fathers in law, sisters in law, editors in chief, etc.
Formations of the compound noun:
Noun + noun: eye glasses, bus stop, keyboard, homework, housewife, grammar class, tea pot etc.
Adjective + noun: Longman, black magic, black water, loud speaker, gentle man, yellow fever, red bull, blackberry, etc.
Gerund + noun: Parking lot, driving school, frying pan, typing tutor, wedding hall, shopping mall, washing machine, etc.
Noun + gerund: Loud shading, match faxing, window shopping, hand writing, body building, zebra crossing, etc.
Noun + verb: Haircut, the sun set, temple run, candy crush, cat walk, milk shake, etc.
Verb + noun: Dance floor, love letter, type writer, work shop, watch man, fight club
Noun + preposition + noun: father in law, editor in chief, sister in law, maid of honor, a man of the match, etc.
9) Collective noun: A noun that refers to a group or collection of persons, places, things, and animals is called a collective noun. Or: It is the name of the collection of people, animals, and things.
Collection of people: Ex: A team of players, an army of soldiers, a gang of thieves, a band of musicians, a panel of experts, a staff of employees, etc.
Collection of animals: a flock of birds, a hive of bees, a herd of sheep, an army of ants, a team of houses, a troop of lions, a kennel of dogs etc.
Collection of things: a library of books, a galaxy of stars, a basket of fruits, a forest of trees, a stack of wood, an album of pictures, etc.
Genders of a noun:
Gender: The word gender is derived from the Latin word “genus” which means “kind” or “sort”.
Gender indicates whether a person or animal is male or female.
Kinds of gender:
a) Masculine gender: indicates that a person or animal is male.
Ex: boy, father, man, lion, donkey, tiger, king, prince, brother, etc.
b) Feminine gender: indicates that a person or animal is female.
Ex: girl, mother, woman, lioness, ass, tigress, queen, princess, sister, etc.
c) Common gender: indicates that a person or animal is both male and female.
Ex: student, teacher, nurse, dancer, singer, pilot, parent, player, lawyer, dentist, flight attendant, soldier, writer, etc.
d) Neuter gender: indicates that a thing is neither male nor female.
Ex: chair, pen, table, blackboard, bus, copy, tree, picture, car, mobile, fan etc.
Note: Some grammarian says that the name of all those things which are weak or can be dominated by other things will be considered as female and the pronoun “she” will be used for them.
Ex: Titanic was a big ship. She sank in the ocean.
Ex: My father bought a new car. She is beautiful. This means the car is beautiful.
But for those things which are very strong will be considered as male and the pronoun “he” will be used for them.
Ex: Flood is a dangerous thing. He destroys many areas and crops.
Ex: It was earth quick yesterday. He demolished many houses.
Note: Allah is always considered as masculine and the pronoun “he” replaces the name of Allah but that “he” should be in the capital.
Ex: Allah (SWT) is the only one. He (SWT) is the creator of everything.
Several noun:
Indicates or shows that a person, place, or thing is singular or plural.
There are two kinds of numbers.
a) Singular noun: it indicates a singular person, place, or thing.
Boy, datum, fish, cello, ref, mouse, cactus, chef, foot, thesis, criterion, wife, basis, vita, baby etc.
b) Plural noun: indicates or shows plural persons, places, or things.
Ex: boys, data, criteria, cellos, vitae, chefs, babies, feet, fish, wives, refs, bases, cacti etc.
Singular Nouns and Plural Nouns
Noun (end in) | Plural | Example |
Ends in Ch, sh, s, x, or z | Es | Box—boxes, bus—buses, prize—prizes |
Ends in a vowel and y | S | Boy—boys, day—days, key—keys |
Ends in a consonants and y | Ies | Baby—babies, country—countries, spy—spies, |
Ends in f | Ves | Loaf—loaves, thief—thieves, |
Ends in o | S | Kangaroo—kangaroos, zero—zeros, |
most nouns | S | Book—books, cup—cups, |
