Earth Crust:The upper solid
layer of the earth on which humans live is called earth
crust. Mountains:Those land forms which have great heights
from its surrounding land and have steep slopes are called mountain.
Mountains:Those land forms which have great heights
from its surrounding land and have steep slopes are called mountain.
Hills: Those land forms which have steep slopes but less
height than mountains are called “Hills”.
The narrow way through which the Melton
matter out from the mountain is called vent.
The study of landforms is called Geomorphology.
The oldest mountains on the earth came in to being about 400
million year ago. They are called Caledonians.
Plateaus (سطح مرتفع):Make a mountain 6 inches high with wet sand and then remove the
upper half. Observe what type of shape is left behind? Plateau has the same
shape. Plateau is a landform which is high from the surrounding surface like a
mountain but has a flat and dissected top like a plain.
There are two
plateaus in Pakistan. 1) Pothohar Plateau 2) Baluchistan Plateau
There are three types of plateaus.
a) Intermountain Plateauبین الکوہی مرتفع) )
b) Piedmont Plateau (دامنی
مرتفع)
c) Continental Plateau (
c) Continental Plateau (براعظمی سطح مرتفع)
Intermountain
Plateau (بین
الکوہی مرتفع):The plateau
which is situated between High Mountain is called intermountain plateau.
In the south
of Skardu in karakurm rang the area of “Deosai”
(دیو
سائی) is the example of intermountain plateau.
Piedmont
Plateau (دامنی
مرتفع):These are
formed at the foot of mountains. It is situated in such a way
that it has mountains on one side and sea or plain on the
other sides.
Continental Plateau (براعظمی سطح مرتفع):As a result of earth movement’s vast areas rises upward and have the characteristics like plateau.
Potwar Plateau is the example
of piedmont plateau.
Continent of Africa is the example of continental plateau.
Plain (میدان):An even
surface which has an altitude of less than 500ft
is called plain.
Those plains in
mountain areas which formed due to the erosional work of rivers,
glaciers, and wind are called Peneplains.
When vast
lake is dried up due to evaporation of
water and change into plain which is called lacustrine plain.
When lava
during volcanism spread over a vast area it form lava
plains. The soils of these plains are black which is very
fertile.
Important mountain range of the world.
Asia:The famous mountain range of Asia is Himalaya
which extends to several countries i.e. Pakistan, India,
and Nepal etc.
Highest mountain peak of the world“Mountain
Everest” is located in Himalayas, Hindu Kush, Karakorum.
Teen Shan and Zagross are also important ranges of Asia.
Europe:There are several
mountain ranges but the most important is the Alps.
Pyreness and Carpathian ranges
are also important range of Europe.
North America:There are two important mountain ranges in North
America.
The western
is “Rockies” (راکیز), and the eastern is “Appalachian”
(ایپلیشئن
).
South America:The “Andes”
(کوہ
انڈیز) range is situated along the western coast of America.
Andes range is the second
highest and longest range of the world.
Africa:Mountain ranges of Africa
are neither so high nor long.
Atlas Mountain and Ethiopian
highland are important ranges of Africa.
Australia:The famous mountain range of Australia is the “Great dividing
range”.
Plateaus in the world:
Asia:In Asia famous plateau are “Tibet” plateau of China.
Potwar and Baluchistan
Plateau of Pakistan.
Dashte-loot Plateau of Iran.
AnatolianPlateau of Turkey.
Africa:The famous
plateau of Africa is The “Ethiopian plateau” (ایتھوپیا).
South America:There are three important plateaus in South America.
1) Guyana 2)
Brazilian 3)
Patagonian Plateau
North America:The largest
plateau of the North America is the “Canadian
shield”.
Colorado, Yukon
and British Colombia are also important plateaus of North
America.
Europe:“Baltic Shield” is important plateau of the Europe.
Australia:The Famous Plateau of Australia is “Kimberly”.
Plateau of “Otaka”
is situated in Newzeland.
Plains in the world:
Asia:Indus in Pakistan,
Ganges in India, Mekong in China.
Africa:Zambeziand Nigeria are famous plains of Africa.
South America:Orinoco, Amazon, and Paraguay
are the famous plains of South Africa.
North America:In North America there is vast plain which is called “Great plains”.
Australia:Canterbury, Darling
is the famous plains of Australia.
Famous Rivers of the World:
Asia:Hwanghu and Yangtze
in China, Ganges in India, and Indus
in Pakistan.
Europe:Thames, Danube,
Rhine, and Seine are the famous river of the
Europe.
Africa:Nile, Congo,
Niger, and Orangeare the famous river of Africa.
North America:Mississippi, Missouri
and Colombia are the famous river of North America.
South America:The world biggest
river Amazon is in South America.
Australia:Murray, Darling,
Flinders are the famous river of the Australia.
“Nile” is
the longest river having a length of 6,670 km. It
comes out from lake Victoria in Uganda and flows through Sudan and Eqypt and
falls into the Mediterranean sea.
MCQs
.
Those land forms which have great heights from
its surrounding land and have steep slopes are called…
a) Hill
b) mountain
c) plaetue
d) none
When horizontal forces act towards a common
points from opposite direction inside the earth and these force bends the earth
upward and rise on the earth surface is called………
a) Block mountain
b) Folded mountain
c) Volcanic mountain
d) none of these
