What is emphasized in Robert L. Kahn's research within the system approach?
a) Importance of isolated organizations
b) Dynamics of complex organizations
c) Lack of adaptation in organizations
d) Irrelevance of organizational surroundings
Explanation: Robert L. Kahn's research focused on the dynamics of complex organizations and how they adapt and function within their environments.
What is emphasized in Robert L. Kahn's research within the system approach?
a) Importance of isolated organizations
b) Dynamics of complex organizations
c) Lack of adaptation in organizations
d) Irrelevance of organizational surroundings
Explanation: Robert L. Kahn's research focused on the dynamics of complex organizations and how they adapt and function within their environments.
What is a notable contribution of Richard A. Johnson to the system approach?
a) Emphasis on isolated thinking
b) Application of system dynamics to address complex problems
c) Disregard for dynamic relationships
d) Rejection of interconnected components
Explanation: Richard A. Johnson's contributions revolved around systems thinking and applying system dynamics to address complex problems.
What is a key feature of the contingency approach regarding organizational structures?
a) Universal applicability of rules
b) Environmental influence
c) Situational adaptation
d) Complexity acknowledgment
Explanation: The contingency approach emphasizes that organizations must adapt their approaches based on the unique circumstances they encounter.
According to the contingency approach, what significantly impacts organizations?
a) Internal structure
b) External environment
c) Management practices
d) Economic conditions
Explanation: The contingency approach underscores that organizations are significantly impacted by their external environment.
What distinguishes the contingency approach from some earlier management theories?
a) Universal rules
b) Situational adaptation
c) Complexity acknowledgment
d) Mechanistic structures
Explanation: The contingency approach asserts that there are no universally applicable sets of rules or management practices.
