What does the contingency approach recognize regarding the relationship between organizations and their environments?
a) Independence
b) Complexity
c) Simplicity
d) Homogeneity
Explanation: The contingency approach accepts the complexity of organizational structures and interactions, as well as the intricate relationships between the organization and its environment.
Who categorized organizations into three types based on their technology in contingency theory?
a) G.M. Stalker
b) Joan Woodward
c) Tom Burns
d) Paul R. Lawrence
Explanation: Joan Woodward categorized organizations into three types based on their technology and demonstrated how each type required a different organizational structure.
What did G.M. Stalker emphasize in his research within contingency theory?
a) Importance of universal rules
b) Distinction between mechanistic and organic structures
c) Environmental adaptation
d) Complexity of management practices
Explanation: G.M. Stalker's research highlighted the distinction between mechanistic and organic organizational structures and their suitability in different environments.
According to the contingency approach, what is crucial for managing complexity in organizations, as introduced by Lawrence and Lorsch?
a) Uniformity
b) Differentiation and integration
c) Situational adaptation
d) Environmental independence
Explanation: Lawrence and Lorsch introduced the concept of differentiation and integration as key factors in managing complexity.
What does the contingency approach emphasize regarding management practices?
a) Fixed principles
b) Universal applications regarding organization
c) Adaptability to specific circumstances
d) Isolation from external factors
Explanation: Effective management practices must be tailored to the specific circumstances and contingencies faced by an organization, as per the contingency approach.
What is the primary focus of Tom Burns and G.M. Stalker's work in "The Management of Innovation"?
a) Environmental adaptation is necessary for every organization
b) Complexity acknowledgment
c) Different types of innovation and their environmental contexts
d) Universal rules of innovation
Explanation: Their work examined how different types of innovation and their environmental contexts influenced organizational structures and management styles.
